References
Data represented in the movies was obtained from the following sources. It represents many years work by an international community of scientists. The original sources should be cited when reusing any data from this collection.
Global Gridded Pliocene and Late Quaternary Sea Level
U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-000 by Peter N. Schweitzer and Robert S. Thompson.
Images depicting the largest changes in global eustatic sea level that have been inferred from geological studies. The light blue color shows an estimate of the coastline of the eastern United States during the last glacial maximum, about 20,000 years ago. The dark green shows the modern coastline, and the lighter shades of green show the coastlines that may have existed during the warm climatic interval of the middle Pliocene epoch, about 3 million years ago. Expected global coastlines with eustatic sea-level of -120, 0, 35, and 60 meters from present (not accounting for ice loading) are shown.
http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/pub/sea_level/Core/raw/pliocene/images/chg05t.pict
Midwestern US 16,000 Years Ago
Maps based on A.S. Dyke and V.K. Prest, Late Wisconsinan and Holocene history of the Laurentide ice sheet, Geographie Physique et Quaternaire, 41: 237-264, 1987, trace the retreat of the glaciers of the last Ice Age. They begin with the glaciers at their maximum extent (18,000 years ago) . Maps are drawn for 18,000; 14,000; 12,000; 10,000; and 8,000 years ago. By 8,000 years ago, glaciers were no longer present in the midwestern United States. In addition, the maps show the extent and location of some of the lakes that formed as a result of the melting of the glaciers. The final map is present day.
The movie is derived from maps found at
http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/larson/environments.html
http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/larson/glacier_maps.htmlFor more information on why ice ages occur, see
http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/ice_ages/why_ice_ages_1.htmlThe Wolf Sunspot Index
Douglas v. Hoyt, Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center For Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80303
Indices of solar activity such as sunspots have led to several efforts to connect various climatic fluctuations with solar variations. The studies of sunspots have a long history and a good record from the Royal Greenwich Observatory in England and the Space Environment Laboratories, NOAA in Boulder, Colorado. The dataset contains annual sunspot values for the period 1875-1981.
Hoyt, D. V. 1979. "Variations In Sunspot Structure And Climate." Climatic Change 2:79-92.
Hoyt, D. V. 1979. "An Empirical Determination Of The Heating Of The Earth By The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect." Nature 282:388-390.
Hoyt, D. V. And J. A. Eddy. 1982. An Atlas Of Variations In The Solar Constant Caused By Sunspot Blocking And Facular Emissions From 1874 To 1981. NCAR/TN-194+STR, National Center For Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado.http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ndp014/ndp014.txt
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ndp014/ndp014.umbAtmospheric solar transmission at Mauna Loa
Dutton, E.G. 1994. Atmospheric solar transmission at Mauna Loa. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. ORNL/CDIAC-65. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
Direct solar irradiance has been measured at the same location at Mauna Loa since 1958. The record from Mauna Loa is unique because of its long duration and essential completeness (data are missing for only 10 months since 1958) and because of the site's clear-sky and high-altitude location. The most prominent features of the record are the dramatic decreases in atmospheric transmission after the major explosive volcanic eruptions of Agung in 1963, El Chichón in 1982, and Pinatubo in 1991. A number of other smaller eruptions (e.g., Awu in 1965 and De Fuego in 1974) have also visibly affected the record (Mendonca et al. 1978). In addition, the data show an annual cycle: a statistically significant decrease in transmission from March through June (with a minimum in May) and a second, statistically insignificant, minimum in October. The spring minimum has been attributed primarily to an influx of tropospheric aerosols that are carried over Mauna Loa from Asia by seasonal winds (Dutton 1992). Other fluctuations, potentially random, are evident in the data; however, there is no evidence of a linear trend extending over the entire period of record.
-Dutton, E.G. 1992. A coherence between the QBO and the amplitude of the Mauna Loa atmospheric transmission annual cycle. International Journal of Climatology 12:383-96.
-Dutton, E.G., J.J. DeLuisi, and A.P. Austring. 1985. Interpretation of Mauna Loa atmospheric transmission relative to aerosols, using photometric precipitable water amounts. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 3:53-68.
-Ellis, H.T., and R.F. Pueschel. 1971. Solar radiation: Absence of air pollution trends at Mauna Loa. Science 172:845-46.
-Mendonca, B.G., K.J. Hanson, and J.J. DeLuisi. 1978. Volcanically related secular trends in atmospheric transmission at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii. Science 202:513-15.http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/trace/tre_sol.htm
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/trends93/trace/maunaloa.481Carbon Dioxide
Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, CaliforniaC.D. Keeling, T.P. Whorf
The Mauna Loa atmospheric CO2 measurements constitute the longest continuous record of atmospheric CO2 concentrations available in the world. The Mauna Loa site is considered one of the most favorable locations for measuring undisturbed air because possible local influences of vegetation or human activities on atmospheric CO2 concentrations are minimal and any influences from volcanic vents may be excluded from the records. The methods and equipment used to obtain these measurements have remained essentially unchanged since 1958.
Air samples at Mauna Loa are collected continuously from air intakes at the top of four 7-m towers and one 27-m tower. Four air samples are collected each hour for the purpose of determining the CO2 concentration. Determinations of CO2 are made by using a Siemens Ultramat 3 nondispersive infrared gas analyzer with a water vapor freeze trap. This analyzer registers the concentration of CO2 in a stream of air flowing at ~0.5 L/min. Every 20 minutes, the flow is replaced by a stream of calibrating gas or "working reference gas". In December 1983, CO2-in-N2 calibration gases were replaced with the currently used CO2-in-air calibration gases. These calibration gases and other reference gases are compared periodically to determine the instrument sensitivity and to check for possible contamination in the air-handling system. These reference gases are themselves calibrated against specific standard gases whose CO2 concentrations are determined manometrically.
-Keeling, C.D., and T.P. Whorf. 1998. Atmospheric CO2 records from sites in the SIO air sampling network. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
-Keeling, C.D., J.F.S. Chine, and T.P. Whorf (1996), Increased activity of northern vegetation inferred from atmospheric CO2 measurements, Nature, Vol. 382, p. 146-149.
-Keeling, C.D., et. al., Aspects of Climate Variability in the Pacific and the Western Americas (ed. Peterson, D. H.) 165-236 (Geophys. Monogr. 55, Am. Geophys. Union, Washington, D.C., 1989).
-Keeling, C.D., T.P. Whorf, M. Wahlen, and J. van der Plicht (1995), Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1980, Nature, Vol. 375, p. 666-670.
-Bacastow, R.B. 1979. Dip in the atmospheric CO2 level during the mid-1960's. Journal of Geophysical Research 80:3109-14.
-Bacastow, R.B., and C.D. Keeling. 1981. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and the observed airborne fraction. In B. Bolin (ed.), Carbon Cycle Modelling, SCOPE 16. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
-Bacastow, R.B., J.A. Adams, Jr., C.D. Keeling, D.J. Moss, T.P. Whorf, and C.S. Wong. 1980. Atmospheric carbon dioxide, the Southern Oscillation, and the weak 1975 El Niño. Science 210:66-68.
-Bacastow, R.B., C.D. Keeling, and T.P. Whorf. 1985. Seasonal amplitude increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, 1959-1982. Journal of Geophysical Research 90(D6):10529-40.
-Keeling, C.D., R.B. Bacastow, A.E. Bainbridge, C.A. Ekdahl, Jr., P.R. Guenther, L.S. Waterman, and J.F.S. Chin. 1976. Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii. Tellus 28(6):538-51.
-Keeling, C.D., R.B. Bacastow, and T.P. Whorf. 1982. Measurements of the concentration of carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii. In W.C. Clark (ed.), Carbon Dioxide Review: 1982. Oxford University Press, New York.
-Keeling, C.D., R.B. Bacastow, A.F. Carter, S.C. Piper, T.P. Whorf, M. Heimann, W.G. Mook, and H. Roeloffzen. 1989. A three-dimensional model of atmospheric CO2 transport based on observed winds: 1. Analysis of observational data. In D.H. Peterson (ed.), Aspects of Climate Variability in the Pacific and the Western Americas. Geophysical Monograph 55:165-235.
-Pales, J.C., and C.D. Keeling. 1965. The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide in Hawaii. Journal of Geophysical Research 24:6053-76.http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/sio-mlo.htm
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ndp001/ndp001r7.datAdditional Atmospheric CO2 records from sites in the SIO air sampling network
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, CaliforniaC.D. Keeling, T.P. Whorf
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/sio-keel.htm
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/sio-bar.htm
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/trends/co2/barrsio.co2
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/sio-sam.htm
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/trends/co2/samsio.co2
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/sio-spl.htm
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/trends/co2/sposio.co2National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) Carbon Cycle Group Cooperative Air Sampling Network
Pieter P. Tans and Thomas J. Conway
Flasks samples are always collected in pairs, once or twice per week, on a schedule determined largely by the sample collector. The sample collectors have been given guidelines concerning preferred wind speeds, directions, and time of day for sample collection. Whole air samples are collected with no attempt to remove water vapor. Samples are dried during analysis using a cryogenic trap at -70°C. From 1968 to 1980, collectors used a hand-held aspirator bulb to pull air through the flasks. In 1980, a portable battery powered pumping unit was introduced. This method allowed the sample collector to move downwind while the flasks, connected in series, were being flushed, enabled pressurization of the flasks, and incorporated an intake line that could be extended to 2 m above the ground. This device resulted in improved agreement between members of flask pairs and decreased scatter in the measurements. To avoid artifacts due to this inhomogeneity in the data quality, most CMDL analyses of the flask data begin with the 1981 data. The sampling method changed again in mid-1990 when an improved portable sampler was introduced. While the sampling principles were unchanged, the new sampler employed a single, larger battery; a more rugged, higher capacity pump; a 5-m intake line; and a back pressure regulator to control the pressure in the flasks. The effect of the flask and sampler improvements has been an increase in the percentage of sample pairs meeting a CO2 agreement criterion of 0.5 ppm, from ~75% in the mid-1980s to ~90% in 1992. However, overlapped sampling was conducted at several sites and no offsets due to the new flasks or sampling equipment were observed.
At Barrow, Niwot Ridge, Mauna Loa, Cape Kumukahi, and Samoa, flask samples have also been collected in evacuated 3-L flasks. In this method two flasks are filled in rapid succession by holding the flask into the wind, purging the dead volume in the inlet to the flask, opening the stopcock, and allowing the flask to fill with air to ambient atmospheric pressure. In overlapped sampling at Mauna Loa and Niwot Ridge, no significant difference was found between the 3-L flasks and the pressurized flasks. At Barrow and Cape Kumukahi, there is an indication of an offset of ~0.3 ppm, with the evacuated flasks generally being higher.
From 1968 until 1980, flask samples were measured by transferring the air from the flasks to a nondispersive infrared analyzer (NDIR) manually by means of a mercury displacement pump (Komhyr et al. 1983). In 1980, this apparatus was replaced by a semiautomatic analysis apparatus described by Komhyr et al. (1983). In 1988, this system was replaced by a more highly automated system that was capable of higher precision CO2 measurements and able to handle up to three times as many flasks per analysis day. All the CMDL CO2 measurements are reported in the WMO X85 mole fraction scale. The CMDL measurements are made using standard gases traceable to the WMO Central CO2 Laboratory operated by C.D. Keeling at Scripps Institution of Oceanography (Thoning et al. 1987). From 1968 to 1980, the working standard gases consisted of CO2 in N2. From 1980 to 1990, the secondary standards were CO2 in natural air and the tertiary and working gases were CO2 in synthetic air (N2, O2, and Ar) (Komhyr et al. 1985a). Since 1990, only CO2 in natural air standards have been used.
-Conway, T.J., P.P. Tans, L.S. Waterman, K.W. Thoning, D.R. Kitzis, K.A. Masarie, and N. Zhang, 1994, Evidence for interannual variability of the carbon cycle from the NOAA/CMDL global air sampling network, J. Geophys. Res.,99, 22831-22855.
-Conway, T.J., P. Tans, L.S. Waterman, K.W. Thoning, K.A. Masarie, and R.H. Gammon, 1988, Atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements in the remote global troposphere, 1981-1984, Tellus, 40B, 81-115.
-Komhyr, W.D., L.S. Waterman, and W.R. Taylor, 1983, Semiautomatic nondispersive infrared analyzer apparatus for CO2 air sample analyses, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 1315-1322.
-Komhyr, W.D., R.H. Gammon, T.B. Harris, L.S. Waterman, T.J. Conway, W.R. Taylor, and K.W. Thoning, 1985, Global atmospheric CO2 distribution and variations from 1968-1982 NOAA/GMCC CO2 flask sample data, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 5567-5596.
-Tans, P.P., T.J. Conway, and T. Nakazawa, 1989a, Latitudinal distribution of the sources and sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide from surface observations and an atmospheric transport model, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 5151-5172.
-Tans, P.P, K.W. Thoning, W.P. Elliott, and T.J. Conway, 1989b, Background atmospheric CO2 patterns from weekly flask samples at Barrow, Alaska: Optimal signal recovery and error esitmates, in NOAA Tech. Memo. (ERL ARL-173). Environmental Research Laboratories, Boulder, CO, 131 pp.
-Tans, P.P., I.Y. Fung, and T. Takahashi, 1990, Observational constraints on the global atmospheric CO2 budget, Science, 247, 1431-1438.
-Thoning, K.W., P. Tans, T.J. Conway, and L.S. Waterman, 1987, NOAA/GMCC calibrations of CO2-in-air reference gases: 1979-1985. NOAA Tech. Memo. (ERL ARL-150). Environmental Research Laboratories, Boulder, CO, 63 pp.
-Thoning, K.W., P.P. Tans, and W.D. Komhyr, 1989, Atmospheric carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa Observatory 2. Analysis of the NOAA GMCC data, 1974-1985, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 8549-8565.
-Thoning, K.W., T.J. Conway, N. Zhang, and D. Kitzis, 1995, Analysis system for measurement of CO2 mixing ratios in flask air samples, J. Atmos. and Oceanic Tech., 12, 1349-1356.CO2 mixing ratios measured by a nondispersive infrared absorption technique in air samples collected in glass flasks at NOAA/CMDL flask network sites.
ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co2/flask/mm.co2.tar.Z (compressed)
ftp://cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co2/flask/month/brwmm.co2
ftp://cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co2/flask/month/mlomm.co2
ftp://cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co2/flask/month/spomm.co2
ftp://cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co2/flask/month/smomm.co2
ftp://cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co2/flask/month/nwrmm.co2Atmospheric CO2 record from in situ measurements at Amsterdam Island
Centre des Faibles Radioactivités, Laboratoire de Modélisation du Climat et de l'Environnement, Centre d'Etudes de Saclay, FranceA. Gaudry, V. Kazan, and P. Monfray
The Centre des Faibles Radioactivités has been monitoring atmospheric CO2 concentrations since May 1980 at the station of Amsterdam Island, Territoire des Terres Australes et Antarctiques Francaises. The station, 5000 km off South Africa, is part of the Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) network of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The sampling point is located at the north-northwest end of the island, on the edge of a 55-m high cliff.
-Gaudry, A., V. Kazan, and P. Monfray. 1996. Atmospheric CO2 record from in situ measurements at Amsterdam Island. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
-Ascensio-Parvy, J.M., A. Gaudry, and G. Lambert. 1984. Year-to-year CO2 variations at Amsterdam Island. Geophysical Research Letters 11(12):1215-17.
-Gaudry, A., J.M. Ascensio, and G. Lambert. 1983. Preliminary study of CO2 variations at Amsterdam Island (Territoire des Terres Australes et Antarctiques Francaises). Journal of Geophysical Research 88:1323-29.
-Gaudry, A., P. Monfray, G. Polian, and G. Lambert. 1987. The 1982-83 El Niño: A 6 billion ton CO2 release. Tellus 39(B):209-13.
-Gaudry, A., G. Polian, B. Ardouin, and G. Lambert. 1990. Radon-calibrated emissions of CO2 from South Africa. Tellus 42(B):9-19.
-Gaudry, A., P. Monfray, G. Polian, G. Bonsang, B. Ardouin, A. Jegou, and G. Lambert. 1991. Non-seasonal variations of atmospheric CO2 concentrations at Amsterdam Island. Tellus 43(B):136-43.
-Lambert, G., P. Monfray, B. Ardouin, G. Bonsang, A. Gaudry, V. Kazan, and G. Polian. 1995. Year-to-year chnages in atmospheric CO2. Tellus 47(B):53-5.
-Monfray, P., A. Gaudry, G. Polian, and G. Lambert. 1987. Seasonal variations of atmospheric CO2 in the Southern Indian Ocean. Tellus 39(B):67-71. Monfray, P., M. Ramonet, A. Gaudry, G. Pearman, D. Beardsmore, M. Manning, and P. Pohl. 1992.
-An intercalibration of CO2 measurements between France, Australia, and New Zealand. WMO/Global Atmosphere Watch Report No. 77. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva.http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/amster.htm
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/trends/co2/amsterda.co2Atmospheric carbon dioxide record from in situ measurements at Baring Head
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ltd., New ZealandM.R. Manning, A.J. Gomez, K.P. Pohl
Determinations of atmospheric CO2 mixing ratios are made using a Siemens Ultramat-3 nondispersive infrared (NDIR) gas analyzer. The NDIR CO2 analyzer is connected via a gas manifold consisting of stainless steel tubing and computer-controlled solenoid switches to 12 gas cylinders and 2 sample air lines. The NDIR analyzer compares ambient air CO2 mixing ratios relative to known CO2 mixing ratios in tanks of compressed reference gases. The analyzer operates in a differential mode, with a "zero" reference gas of CO2 mixing ratio 20 to 30 parts per million (ppm) below ambient air CO2 levels flowing continuously through one cell of the analyzer at ~10 mL/min. When atmospheric CO2 is measured, a diaphragm pump pulls air through a sampling line at ~5 L/min. A small fraction of this (180 mL/min) is dried cryogenically to a temperature ofapproximately -70° Celsius and passed through the sample cell of the CO2 analyzer. Both the "zero" and sample gas are exhausted into the observatory building.
Operation of the analyzer system is controlled by a computer that switches gas from cylinders or sample air lines into the analyzer sample gas cell. For each calibration gas measurement, the computer monitors the analyzer voltage every second until the standard deviation of 60 consecutive values is below 0.02 ppmv. In some cases, stability is not reached within 5 min, so the computer repeats the previous gas followed by the gas that did not stabilize. All data for the final 60 s of each calibration gas are recorded in a computer file, whether or not stability was achieved. In the early years of measurement at Baring Head, CO2-in-nitrogen calibration gases, prepared by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) were used. Since 1985 both CO2-in-natural-air mixtures prepared at SIO and CO2-in-synthetic-air mixtures prepared commercially have been used for calibration. In all cases concentrations were assigned by SIO. No significant difference has been observed between these two types of calibration gas, but since 1992 only natural-air mixtures have been used.
-Manning, M.R., A.J. Gomez, and K.P. Pohl. 1994. Atmospheric CO2 record from in situ measurements at Baring Head. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
-Lowe, D.C., C.D. Keeling, and P.R. Guenther. 1979. The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide at Baring Head, New Zealand. Tellus 31:58-67.
-Manning, M.R., and K.P. Pohl. 1986. Atmospheric CO2 monitoring in New Zealand 1971-1985. Report No. INS-R-350, DSIR Institute of Nuclear Sciences.
-Manning, M.R., and K.P. Pohl. 1987. A review of analyzer calibration procedures and calibration gas mixtures used in the New Zealand CO2 monitoring programme. Report No. INS-R-363, DSIR Institute of Nuclear Sciences.
-Manning, M.R., K.P. Pohl, and A.J. Gomez. 1994. Status of New Zealand CO2 measurement programme. In G.I. Pearman and J.T. Peterson (eds.), Report of the seventh WMO meeting of experts on carbon dioxide concentration and isotopic measurement techniques, (Rome, 7-10 September 1993) World Meteorological Organization, Geneva.http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/baring.htm
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/trends/co2/baring.177Atmospheric carbon dioxide record from in situ measurements at Mt. Cimone
Italian Meteorological ServiceTiziano Colombo and Riccardo Santaguida
Continuous atmospheric CO2 measurements have been carried out at Mt. Cimone since 1979. From 1979 until December 1988, a Hartmann and Braun URAS-2T NDIR gas analyzer was used for CO2 determinations. Currently, CO2 determinations are made through the use of a Siemens Ultramat-5E NDIR gas analyzer. Water vapor is eliminated by passing the air through a U-tube placed in an alcohol bath at -60°C. Calibration of the Ultramat-5E is accomplished by using two CO2-in-air working standard gases. These working standard gas concentrations are checked 10 days apart against three CO2-in-air mixtures that serve as secondary standards. The secondary standards are checked every 6 months against five other CO2-in-air primary standards. Hourly CO2 values are routinely plotted together with wind data. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations from Mt. Cimone are reported in the 1993 WMO/Scripps mole fraction scale. In March 1996 the standards used at Mt. Cimone were compared to standards from the NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostic Laboratory as part of a round robin-format intercomparison exercise. The average difference between the standards used at Mt. Cimone and NOAA CMDLwas less than 0.06 ppmv.
-Colombo, T., and R. Santaguida. 1998. Atmospheric CO2 record from in situ measurements at Mt. Cimone. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
-Bonasoni, P., T. Colombo, R. Lenaz, G. Tesi, F. Evangelisti, G. Giovanelli, F. Ravegnani, and R. Santaguida. 1996. Effect of Saharan dust transport on ozone and carbon dioxide concentration. In S. Guerzoni and R. Chester (eds). The impact of desert dust across the Mediterranean. pgs. 313-322. Kluver Academic Publishers.
-Ciattaglia, L. 1983. Interpretation of atmospheric CO2 measurements at Mt. Cimone (Italy) related to wind data. Journal of Geophysical Research 88(C2):1331-38.
-Ciattaglia, L., V. Cundari, and T. Colombo. 1987. Further measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide at Mt. Cimone, Italy: 1979-1985. Tellus 39(B):13-20.
-Colombo, T., and R. Santaguida. 1995. Misure di inquinamento atmosferico di fondo a Monte Cimone. Rivista di Meteorologia Aeronautica 55:59-70.
-Cundari, L., and G. Fiore. 1981. Atmospheric CO2 measurements at Mt. Cimone. Rivista di Meteorologia Aeronautica 41:25-31.
-Cundari, V., and T. Colombo. 1986. Atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements at Mt. Cimone, Italy: 1979-1983. Annales Geophysics Series B, 4(1):13-20.
-Cundari, V., T. Colombo, G. Papini, G. Benedicti, and L. Ciattaglia. 1990. Recent improvements on atmospheric CO2 measurements at Mt. Cimone Observatory, Italy. Il Nuovo Cimento Series C. Geophysics and Space Physics 13C (5): 871-82.
-Cundari, V., T. Colombo, and L. Ciattaglia. 1995. Thirteen years of atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements at Mt. Cimone Station, Italy. Il Nuovo Cimento Series C. Geophysics and Space Physics 18C(1): 33-47.
-World Meteorological Organization (WMO). 1981. Report of the WMO/UNEP/ICSU meeting on instruments, standardization, and measurement techniques for atmospheric CO2 (September 8-11). Geneva.http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/mtcim.htm
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/trends/co2/mtcimone.co2Carbon Monoxide
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) Carbon Cycle Group Cooperative Air Sampling Network
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES)
University of Colorado, BoulderPaul C. Novelli and Ken A. Masarie
All samples were analyzed for CO at the NOAA/CMDL laboratory in Boulder using gas chromatography with mercuric oxide reduction detection, and all measurements are referenced to the CMDL CO scale (Novelli et al., 1991, Novelli et al., 1994). In January 1991, we changed instruments used for the analysis of CO in flask air samples. The new instrument exhibited a non-linear response over the range of 0 to 250 ppb CO. Therefore it was necessary to change from a single-point calibration routine to a multiple standard calibration scheme (a multi-point calibration procedure based upon that used for calibration of standards, as described in Novelli et al., 1994, was also used for flask analysis).
-Lang, P.M., L.P. Steele, R.C. Martin, and K.A. Masarie, 1990a, Atmospheric methane data for the period 1983-1985 from the NOAA/GMCC global cooperative flask sampling network, NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL CMDL-1.
-Lang, P.M., L.P. Steele, and R.C. Martin, 1990b, Atmospheric methane data for the period 1986-1988 from the NOAA/CMDL global cooperative flask sampling network, NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL CMDL-2.
-Novelli, P.C., J.E. Elkins, and L.P. Steele, 1991, The development and evaluation of a gravimetric reference scale for measurements of atmospheric carbon monoxide, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 13,109-13,121.
-Novelli, P.C., L.P. Steele, and P.P. Tans, 1992, Mixing ratios of carbon monoxide in the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 20,731-20,750.
-Novelli, P.C., J.E. Collins, Jr, R.C. Myers, G.W. Sachse, and H.E. Scheel, 1994, Re-evaluation of the NOAA/CMDL carbon monoxide reference scale and comparisons to CO reference gases at NASA-Langley and the Fraunhofer Institute, 99, 12,833-12,839.CO mixing ratios in parts per billion (ppb) (ppb = (parts in 10*9 by mole fraction = nmole/mole)
ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co/flask/month.tar.Z (compressed)
ftp://cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co/flask/month/ascmm.co
ftp://cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co/flask/month/brwmm.co
ftp://cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co/flask/month/cbamm.co
ftp://cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co/flask/month/cgomm.co
ftp://cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co/flask/month/kummm.co
ftp://cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co/flask/month/mhtmm.co
ftp://cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co/flask/month/mlomm.co
ftp://cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co/flask/month/nwrmm.co
ftp://cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co/flask/month/smomm.co
ftp://cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co/flask/month/spomm.co
ftp://cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co/flask/month/syomm.coMethane
Atmospheric Methane at Cape Meares, Oregon, U.S.A.
M. A. K. Khalil and R. A. Rasmussen
This data base presents continuous automated atmospheric methane (CH4) measurements taken at the atmospheric monitoring facility in Cape Meares, Oregon, by the Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology. The Cape Meares data represent some 119,000 individual atmospheric methane measurements carried out during 1979-1992. Analysis of ambient air (collected 12 to 72 times daily) was carried out by means of an automated sampling and measurement system, using the method of gas chromatography and flame ionization detection. Despite the long course of the record and the large number of individual measurements, these data may all be linked to a single absolute calibration standard.
-Khalil, M.A.K., R.A. Rasmussen, and F. Moraes. 1993. Atmospheric methane at Cape Meares: Analysis of a high resolution data base and its environmental implications. Journal of Geophysical Research 98:14,753-14,770.
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ndps/db1007.html
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/db1007/db1007.txt
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/db1007/cmeares.monNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) Carbon Cycle Group Cooperative Air Sampling Network
Edward J. Dlugokencky, Patricia M. Lang, Kenneth A. Masarie
The air samples are collected by two general methods: flushing and then pressurizing glass flasks with a pump or opening a stopcock on an evacuated glass flask. (See Steele et al., 1987, Lang et al., 1990a,b, and Dlugokencky et al. 1994b for details of the sampling network, equipemnt and procedures.) During each sampling event, a pair of flasks is filled. All samples were analyzed for methane at NOAA/CMDL in Boulder, Colorado by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, and each aliquot was referenced to the NOAA/CMDL methane standard scale (see Lang et al., 1990a,b). Through most of the period 1983-1991, one flask of a sample pair was analyzed for methane, and, whenever the overpressure was sufficient, at least two aliquots were analyzed. We have used the difference in methane mixing ratio between the first and second aliquot to establish the precision of the measurement. Over the full period of the record described here, the average precision has been approximately 0.2%. In October 1991, our analysis procedure was altered; we began analyzing a single aliquot from both members of the flask pair. The principle reasons for the change were to simplify flask handling procedures (the carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide projects also measure both flasks of the sample pair) and to have flask pair agreement (the difference in methane mixing ratio between the two flasks collected simultaneously) as an additional diagnostic to use in evaluating the quality of the data. The precision of the analytical instrument is now assessed by two approaches: approximately monthly intercomparisons of methane reference gases, and assessing the relative stability of the calibration gas samples during each day of flask measurements.
-Dlugokencky, E.J., K.A. Masarie, P.M. Lang, P.P. Tans, L.P. Steele, and E.G. Nisbet, 1994a, A dramatic decrease in the growth rate of atmospheric methane in the northern hemisphere during 1992, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 45-48.
-Dlugokencky, E.J., L.P. Steele, P.M. Lang, and K.A. Masarie, 1994b, The growth rate and distribution of atmospheric methane, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 17,021- 17,043.
-Lang, P.M., L.P. Steele, R.C. Martin, and K.A. Masarie, 1990a, Atmospheric methane data for the period 1983-1985 from the NOAA/GMCC global cooperative flask sampling network, NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL CMDL-1.
-Lang, P.M., L.P. Steele, and R.C. Martin, 1990b, Atmospheric methane data for the period 1986-1988 from the NOAA/CMDL global cooperative flask sampling network, NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL CMDL-2.
-Lang, P.M., L.P. Steele, L.S. Waterman, R.C. Martin, K.A. Masarie, and E.J. Dlugokencky, 1992, NOAA/CMDL Atmospheric methane data for the period 1983-1990 from shipboard flask sampling, NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL CMDL-4.
-Steele, L.P., P.J. Fraser, R.A. Rasmussen, M.A.K. Khalil, T.J. Conway, A.J. Crawford, R.H. Gammon, K.A. Masarie, and K.W. Thoning, 1987, The global distribution of methane in the troposphere, J. Atmos. Chem, 5, 125-171.
-Steele, L.P. and P.M. Lang, 1991, Atmospheric methane concentrations-the NOAA/CMDL global cooperative flask sampling network, 1983-1988, ORNL/CDIAC-42, NDP-038.
-Steele, L.P., E.J. Dlugokencky, P.M. Lang, P.P. Tans, R.C. Martin, and K.A. Masarie, 1992, Slowing down of the global accumulation of atmospheric methane during the 1980's, Nature, 358, 313.ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/ch4/flask/month.tar.Z (compressed)
ftp://cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/ch4/flask/month/ascmm.ch4
ftp://cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/ch4/flask/month/brwmm.ch4
ftp://cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/ch4/flask/month/cbamm.ch4
ftp://cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/ch4/flask/month/cgomm.ch4
ftp://cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/ch4/flask/month/kummm.ch4
ftp://cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/ch4/flask/month/mlomm.ch4
ftp://cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/ch4/flask/month/nwrmm.ch4
ftp://cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/ch4/flask/month/rpbmm.ch4
ftp://cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/ch4/flask/month/smomm.ch4
ftp://cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/ch4/flask/month/spomm.ch4
ftp://cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/ch4/flask/month/syomm.ch4Dinitrogen Oxide
ALE/GAGE/AGAGE Global Network Program
Continuous high frequency gas chromatographic measurements are carried out at globally distributed sites. The program, which began in 1978, is conveniently divided into three parts associated with three changes in instrumentation: the Atmospheric Lifetime Experiment (ALE), which utilized Hewlett Packard HP5840 gas chromatographs; the Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (GAGE), which utilized HP5880 gas chromatographs; and the recently initiated Advanced GAGE (AGAGE). AGAGE uses a new fully automated system from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography containing a custom-designed sample module and HP5890 and Carle Instruments gas chromatographic components.
R.G. Prinn, D. Cunnold, R. Rasmussen, P. Simmonds, F. Alyea, A. Crawford, P. Fraser, and R. Rosen. Atmospheric emissions and trends of nitrous oxide deduced from ten years of ALE/GAGE data. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 18369-18385, 1990.
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ndps/alegage.html
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/ale/monthly/aamon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/gage/monthly/mgmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/Agage/monthly/mAmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/ale/monthly/bamon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/gage/monthly/bgmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/Agage/monthly/bAmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/ale/monthly/samon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/gage/monthly/sgmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/Agage/monthly/sAmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/ale/monthly/tamon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/gage/monthly/tgmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/Agage/monthly/tAmon.sumCFC-11
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) Halocarbon in situ GC NetworkJames W. Elkins, Thayne M. Thompson, and Richard C. Myers
-Elkins, J. W., T. M. Thompson, T. H. Swanson, J. H. Butler, B. D. Hall, S. O. Cummings, D. A. Fisher, and A. G. Raffo, Slowdown in the growth rates of atmospheric chlorofluorocarbons 11 and 12., Nature, vol. 364, pages 780-783, (1993).
Monthly means of the in situ gas chromatograph (GC) data in parts-per-trillion
ftp://netsrv1.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/cfcs/cfc11/insituGCs/monthly/f11brwmo.dat
ftp://netsrv1.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/cfcs/cfc11/insituGCs/monthly/f11mlomo.dat
ftp://netsrv1.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/cfcs/cfc11/insituGCs/monthly/f11nwrmo.dat
ftp://netsrv1.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/cfcs/cfc11/insituGCs/monthly/f11smomo.dat
ftp://netsrv1.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/cfcs/cfc11/insituGCs/monthly/f11spomo.datALE/GAGE/AGAGE Global Network Program
Continuous high frequency gas chromatographic measurements are carried out at globally distributed sites. The program, which began in 1978, is conveniently divided into three parts associated with three changes in instrumentation: the Atmospheric Lifetime Experiment (ALE), which utilized Hewlett Packard HP5840 gas chromatographs; the Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (GAGE), which utilized HP5880 gas chromatographs; and the recently initiated Advanced GAGE (AGAGE). AGAGE uses a new fully automated system from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography containing a custom-designed sample module and HP5890 and Carle Instruments gas chromatographic components.
-D. Cunnold, P. Fraser, R. Weiss, R. Prinn, P. Simmonds, B. Miller, F. Alyea, and A. Crawford. Global trends and annual releases of CCl3F and CCl2F2 estimated from ALE/GAGE and other measurements from July 1978 to June 1991. J. Geophys. Res., 99(D1), 1107-1126, 1994.
-D.E. Hartley, T. Kindler, D.E. Cunnold, and R.G. Prinn. Evaluating chemical transport models: Comparison of effects of different CFC-11 emission scenarios. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 14381-14385, 1996.http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ndps/alegage.html
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/ale/monthly/aamon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/gage/monthly/mgmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/Agage/monthly/mAmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/ale/monthly/bamon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/gage/monthly/bgmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/Agage/monthly/bAmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/ale/monthly/samon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/gage/monthly/sgmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/Agage/monthly/sAmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/ale/monthly/tamon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/gage/monthly/tgmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/Agage/monthly/tAmon.sumCFC-12
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) Halocarbon in situ GC NetworkJames W. Elkins, Thayne M. Thompson, and Richard C. Myers
-Elkins, J. W., T. M. Thompson, T. H. Swanson, J. H. Butler, B. D. Hall, S. O. Cummings, D. A. Fisher, and A. G. Raffo, Slowdown in the growth rates of atmospheric chlorofluorocarbons 11 and 12., Nature, vol. 364, pages 780-783, (1993).
Monthly means of the in situ gas chromatograph (GC) data in parts-per-trillion
ftp://netsrv1.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/cfcs/cfc12/insituGCs/monthly/f12brwmo.dat
ftp://netsrv1.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/cfcs/cfc12/insituGCs/monthly/f12mlomo.dat
ftp://netsrv1.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/cfcs/cfc12/insituGCs/monthly/f12nwrmo.dat
ftp://netsrv1.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/cfcs/cfc12/insituGCs/monthly/f12smomo.dat
ftp://netsrv1.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/cfcs/cfc12/insituGCs/monthly/f12spomo.datALE/GAGE/AGAGE Global Network Program
Continuous high frequency gas chromatographic measurements are carried out at globally distributed sites. The program, which began in 1978, is conveniently divided into three parts associated with three changes in instrumentation: the Atmospheric Lifetime Experiment (ALE), which utilized Hewlett Packard HP5840 gas chromatographs; the Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (GAGE), which utilized HP5880 gas chromatographs; and the recently initiated Advanced GAGE (AGAGE). AGAGE uses a new fully automated system from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography containing a custom-designed sample module and HP5890 and Carle Instruments gas chromatographic components.
-D. Cunnold, P. Fraser, R. Weiss, R. Prinn, P. Simmonds, B. Miller, F. Alyea, and A. Crawford. Global trends and annual releases of CCl3F and CCl2F2 estimated from ALE/GAGE and other measurements from July 1978 to June 1991. J. Geophys. Res., 99(D1), 1107-1126, 1994.
-D.E. Hartley, T. Kindler, D.E. Cunnold, and R.G. Prinn. Evaluating chemical transport models: Comparison of effects of different CFC-11 emission scenarios. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 14381-14385, 1996.http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ndps/alegage.html
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/ale/monthly/aamon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/gage/monthly/mgmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/Agage/monthly/mAmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/ale/monthly/bamon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/gage/monthly/bgmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/Agage/monthly/bAmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/ale/monthly/samon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/gage/monthly/sgmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/Agage/monthly/sAmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/ale/monthly/tamon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/gage/monthly/tgmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/Agage/monthly/tAmon.sumTrichlorotrifluoroethane
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) Flask ProgramStephen A. Montzka, James W. Elkins, James H. Butler
-S. A. Montzka, J. H. Butler, R. C. Myers, T. M. Thompson, T. H. Swanson, A. D. Clarke, L. T. Lock, and J. W. Elkins, Decline in the tropospheric abundance of halogen from halocarbons: Implications for stratospheric ozone depletion, Science, 272, 1318-1322, 1996.
Parts per trillion by mean, dry, mole fraction of atmospheric levels of CFC-113 (1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane) at remote stations in the NOAA/CMDL Flask Program. Values given are means of flask pairs as measured by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GCMS).
ftp://netsrv1.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/cfcs/cfc113/flasks/113_ms.datALE/GAGE/AGAGE Global Network Program
Continuous high frequency gas chromatographic measurements are carried out at globally distributed sites. The program, which began in 1978, is conveniently divided into three parts associated with three changes in instrumentation: the Atmospheric Lifetime Experiment (ALE), which utilized Hewlett Packard HP5840 gas chromatographs; the Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (GAGE), which utilized HP5880 gas chromatographs; and the recently initiated Advanced GAGE (AGAGE). AGAGE uses a new fully automated system from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography containing a custom-designed sample module and HP5890 and Carle Instruments gas chromatographic components.
-P. Fraser, D. Cunnold, F. Alyea, R. Weiss, R. Prinn, P. Simmonds, and B. Miller. Lifetime and Emission Estimates of 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluorethane (CFC-113) from Daily Global Background Observations, June 1982-June 1994. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 12585-12599, 1996.
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ndps/alegage.html
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/ale/monthly/aamon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/gage/monthly/mgmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/Agage/monthly/mAmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/ale/monthly/bamon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/gage/monthly/bgmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/Agage/monthly/bAmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/ale/monthly/samon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/gage/monthly/sgmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/Agage/monthly/sAmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/ale/monthly/tamon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/gage/monthly/tgmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/Agage/monthly/tAmon.sumTetrachloromethane
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) Halocarbon in situ GC NetworkJames W. Elkins and Thayne M. Thompson
Monthly mean of in situ gas chromatograph (GC) measurements in parts-per-trillion
ftp://netsrv1.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/solvents/ccl4/insituGCs/monthly/ct_brwmo.dat
ftp://netsrv1.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/solvents/ccl4/insituGCs/monthly/ct_mlomo.dat
ftp://netsrv1.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/solvents/ccl4/insituGCs/monthly/ct_nwrmo.dat
ftp://netsrv1.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/solvents/ccl4/insituGCs/monthly/ct_smomo.dat
ftp://netsrv1.cmdl.noaa.gov/noah/solvents/ccl4/insituGCs/monthly/ct_spomo.datALE/GAGE/AGAGE Global Network Program
Continuous high frequency gas chromatographic measurements are carried out at globally distributed sites. The program, which began in 1978, is conveniently divided into three parts associated with three changes in instrumentation: the Atmospheric Lifetime Experiment (ALE), which utilized Hewlett Packard HP5840 gas chromatographs; the Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (GAGE), which utilized HP5880 gas chromatographs; and the recently initiated Advanced GAGE (AGAGE). AGAGE uses a new fully automated system from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography containing a custom-designed sample module and HP5890 and Carle Instruments gas chromatographic components.
-P. Simmonds, D. Cunnold, F. Alyea, C. Cardelino, A. Crawford, P. Fraser, R. Prinn, R. Rasmussen and R. Rosen. Carbon tetrachloride lifetime and emissions determined from daily global measurements during 1978-1985. J. Atmos. Chem., 7, 35-58, 1988.
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ndps/alegage.html
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/ale/monthly/aamon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/gage/monthly/mgmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/Agage/monthly/mAmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/ale/monthly/bamon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/gage/monthly/bgmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/Agage/monthly/bAmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/ale/monthly/samon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/gage/monthly/sgmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/Agage/monthly/sAmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/ale/monthly/tamon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/gage/monthly/tgmon.sum
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ale_gage_Agage/Agage/monthly/tAmon.sumHistorical carbon dioxide record from the Siple Station ice core 1734-1983
A. Neftel, H. Friedli, E. Moor, H. Lötscher, H. Oeschger, U. Siegenthaler, B. Stauffer
Physics Institute, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, SwitzerlandDeterminations of ancient atmospheric CO2 concentrations for Siple Station, located in West Antarctica, were derived from measurements of air occluded in a 200-m core drilled at Siple Station in the Antarctic summer of 1983-84. The core was drilled by the Polar Ice Coring Office in Nebraska and the Physics Institute at the University of Bern. The ice could be dated with an accuracy of approximately ±2 years to a depth of 144 m (which corresponds to the year 1834) by counting seasonal variations in electrical conductivity. Below that depth, the core was dated by extrapolation (Friedli et al. 1986). The gases from ice samples were extracted by a dry-extraction system, in which bubbles were crushed mechanically to release the trapped gases, and then analyzed for CO2 by infrared laser absorption spectroscopy or by gas chromatography (Neftel et al. 1985). After the ice samples were crushed, the gas expanded over a cold trap, condensing the water vapor at -80°C in the absorption cell. The analytical system was calibrated for each ice sample measurement with a standard mixture of CO2 in nitrogen and oxygen. For further details on the experimental and dating procedures, see Neftel et al. (1985), Friedli et al. (1986), and Schwander and Stauffer (1984).
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/siple.htm
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/trends/co2/siple2.013Concentrations of CH4 from the Law Dome (East Side,"DE08" Site) Ice Core
D.M. Etheridge, G.I. Pearman, P.J. Fraser
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
Aspendale, Victoria, Australia
September 1994Concentrations of N2O from the Law Dome (Summit, "BHD" Site) Ice Core
D.M. Etheridge, G.I. Pearman, P.J. Fraser
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
Aspendale, Victoria, Australia
September 1994Data from the Vostok Ice Core
-C. Lorius, J. Jouzel, C. Ritz, L. Merlivat, N. I. Barkov, Y. S. Korotkevitch and V. M. Kotlyakov, A 150,000-year climatic record from Antarctic ice, Nature, 316, 1985, 591-596.
-J. Jouzel, C. Lorius, J. R. Petit, C. Genthon, N. I. Barkov, V. M. Kotlyakov and V. M. Petrov, Vostok ice core: a continuous isotope temperature record over the last climatic cycle (160,000 years), Nature, 329, 1987, 402-408.
-J. R. Petit, L. Mounier, J. Jouzel, Y. Korotkevitch, V. Kotlyakov and C. Lorius, Paleoclimatological implications of the Vostok core dust record, Nature, 343, 1990, 56-58.
-C. Ritz. Un modele thermo-mecanique d'evolution pour le bassin glaciaire Antarctique Vostok-Glacier Byrd: sensibilite aux valeurs des parametres mal connus (Univ. de Grenoble, 1992).
-T. Sowers, M. Bender, L. D. Labeyrie, J. Jouzel, D. Raynaud, D. Martinson and Y. S. Korotkevich, 135 000 year Vostok - SPECMAP common temporal framework., Paleoceanogr., 8, 1993, p. 737-766.
-J. Jouzel, N. I. Barkov, J. M. Barnola, M. Bender, J. Chappelaz, C. Genthon, V. M. Kotlyakov, V. Lipenkov, C. Lorius, J. R. Petit, D. Raynaud, G. Raisbeck, C. Ritz, T. Sowers, M. Stievenard, F. Yiou and P. Yiou, Extending the Vostok ice-core record of paleoclimate to the penultimate glacial period, Nature, 364, 1993, 407-412.
-C. Waelbroeck, J. Jouzel, L. Labeyrie, C. Lorius, M. Labracherie, M. Stievenard and N. I. Barkov, Comparing the Vostok ice deuterium record and series from Southern Ocean core MD 88-770 over the last two glacial-interglacial cycles, Clim. Dyn., 12, 1995, 113 - 123.
-J. Jouzel, C. Waelbroeck, B. Malaiz*, M. Bender, J. R. Petit, N. I. Barkov, J. M. Barnola, T. King, V. -M. Kotlyakov, V. Lipenkov, C. Lorius, D. Raynaud, C. Ritz and T. Sowers, Climatic interpretation of the recently extended Vostok ice records, Clim.Dyn., In press.
-Barnola, J.M., D. Raynaud, A. Neftel, and H. Oeschger. 1983. Comparison of CO2 measurements by two laboratories on air from bubbles in polar ice. Nature 303:410-13.
-Barnola, J.M., D. Raynaud, Y.S. Korotkevich, and C. Lorius. 1987. Vostok ice core provides 160,000-year record of atmospheric CO2. Nature 329:408-14.
-Barnola, J.M., P. Pimienta, D. Raynaud, and Y.S. Korotkevich. 1991. CO2-climate relationship as deduced from the Vostok ice core: A re-examination based on new measurements and on a re-evaluation of the air dating. Tellus 43(B):83- 90.
-Delmas, R.J., J.-M. Ascencio, and M. Legrand. 1980. Polar ice evidence that atmospheric CO2 20,000 yr BP was 50% of present. Nature 284:155-57.
-Jouzel, J., J.R. Petit, and D. Raynaud. 1990. Paleoclimatic information from ice cores - The Vostok records. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh-Earth Sciences, 81:349-55.
-Neftel, A., H. Oeschger, J. Schwander, B. Stauffer, and R. Zumbrunn. 1982. Ice core measurements give atmospheric CO2 content during the past 40,000 yr. Nature 295:220-23.
-Neftel, A., E. Moor, H. Oeschger, and B. Stauffer. 1985. Evidence from polar ice cores for the increase in atmospheric CO2 in the past two centuries. Nature 315:45-47.
-Raynaud, D., and J.M. Barnola. 1985. An Antarctic ice core reveals atmospheric CO2 variations over the past few centuries. Nature 315:309-11.
-Schwander, J., and B. Stauffer. 1984. Age difference between polar ice and the air trapped in its bubbles. Nature 311:45-47.
-Staffelbach, T., B. Stauffer, A. Sigg, and H. Oeschger. 1991. CO2 measurements from polar ice cores: more data from different sites. Tellus 43(B):91-96.Vostok Carbon Dioxide Data
The 2083-m-long ice core recovered by the Soviet Antarctic Expeditions at Vostok has been used to extend the ice record of atmospheric CO2 to 160,000 years ago through analysis of the air bubbles trapped in the core. Because air bubbles do not close at the surface of the ice sheet but only near the firn-ice transition (that is, at ~90 m below the surface at Vostok), the air extracted from the ice is younger than the surrounding ice (Barnola et al. 1991). Using semiempirical models of densification applied to past Vostok climate conditions, Barnola et al. (1991) reported that the age difference between air and ice may be ~6000 years during the coldest periods instead of ~4000 years, as previously assumed. Ice samples were cut with a bandsaw in a cold room (at about -15°C) as close as possible to the center of the core in order to avoid surface contamination (Barnola et al. 1983). Gas extraction and measurements were performed with the "Grenoble analytical setup," which involved crushing the ice sample ~40 g) under vacuum in a stainless steel container without melting it, expanding the gas released during the crushing in a pre-evacuated sampling loop, and analyzing the CO2 concentrations by gas chromatography (Barnola et al. 1983). The analytical system, except for the stainless steel container in which the ice was crushed, was calibrated for each ice sample measurement with a standard mixture of CO2 in nitrogen and oxygen. For further details on the experimental procedures and the dating of the successive ice layers at Vostok, see Barnola et al.(1987, 1991) and Lorius et al. (1985).
ftp://ftp.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/icecore/vostok/co2.dat
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/co2/vostok.htm
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/trends/co2/vostok.009Vostok Methane Data
Chappellaz et al, Nature 345,127-131 (1990)
Vostok Dust Data
Thousands of dust particles larger than .8 m per g of ice (Jouzel et al. 1996)
Vostok Temperature Data
http://ingrid.ldgo.columbia.edu/SOURCES/.ICE/.CORE/.VOSTOK/.temp/
Global, Regional, and National CO2 Emission Estimates from Fossil Fuel Burning, Cement Production, and Gas Flaring: 1751-1995 (revised January 1998)
G. Marland, R. J. Andres, T. A. Boden, and C. Johnston
Global, regional, and national annual estimates of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel burning, cement production, and gas flaring have been calculated through 1995, some as far back as 1751. These estimates, derived primarily from energy statistics published by the United Nations, were calculated using the methods of Marland and Rotty (1984). Cement production estimates from the U.S. Department of Interior's Bureau of Mines were used to estimate CO2 emitted during cement production. Emissions from gas flaring were derived primarily from U.N. data but were supplemented with data from the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration, Rotty (1974), and with a few national estimates provided by G. Marland.
Central England Temperature (University of East Anglia, Cambridge)
The Central England Temperature series was originally constructed by the late Professor Gordon Manley, and is now routinely updated by the Hadley Centre. The monthly mean surface air temperatures, for a region representative of the English Midlands, are expressed in degrees Celsius for the period from 1659 to the present. The data are discussed in the following two papers: G. Manley, 'Central England Temperatures: monthly means 1659 to 1973', Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1974, vol. 100, pp. 389--405. and D.E. Parker, T.P. Legg and C.K. Folland, 'A new daily Central England Temperature series, 1772--1991', International Journal of Climatology, 1992, vol. 12, pp. 317--42. Listed below are the monthly CET values in degrees Celsius for 1991 to the present, together with the 1961-90 period normals.
ftp://ftp.cru.uea.ac.uk/people/mikehulme/outgoing/miscellaneous/cet.dat
http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~mikeh/datasets/uk/cet.htm
Global Temperature Anomalies
P. D. Jones, D. E. Parker, T. J. Osborn, and K. R. Briffa
Climatic Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Meteorological Office, Bracknell, Berkshire, United KingdomThese temperature time series are derived from an update and expansion of the corrected land and marine data used in the global and hemispheric temperature anomaly time series last presented in Trends (Jones et al. 1994). The land portion of this new database is comprised of surface air temperature (SAT) data (land-surface meteorological data and fixed-position weather ship data) that have been corrected for nonclimatic errors, such as station shifts and/or instrument changes (Jones 1994). (Previous analyses of SAT data include Jones et al. 1986a,b; and Jones 1988). The reanalysis of land surface data by the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) (Jones 1994) resulted in (1) the inclusion of over 1000 additional stations, (2) a new reference period common to all stations (1961-1990; previously 1950-1979), and (3) increased grid-box resolution of the temperature anomalies (5° X 5°). The marine data used in the present analysis are compiled at the Hadley Centre of the United Kingdom Meteorological Office (Parker et al. 1995) and consist of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) that incorporate in situ measurements from ships and buoys. The SST data have been corrected for different types of buckets used before 1942 (Folland and Parker 1995; Parker et al. 1994, 1995). These SSTs also were converted to anomalies with respect to the 1961-1990 mean. The two constituent data sets (SAT and SST) were combined using the algorithm developed by Parker et al. (1994). The resulting data set has been used extensively in various Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports (e.g., Nicholls et al. 1996) and the global-mean temperature changes evident in the record have been interpreted in terms of anthropogenic forcing influences and natural variability (e.g., Wigley et al. 1997).
Components of the dataset are expressed as anomalies from 1961-90. The standard error is due to sampling of the individual annual values since 1951 is estimated to be 0.05°C (see Jones, P.D., Osborn, T.J. and Briffa, K.R., 1997: Estimating sampling errors in large-scale temperature averages. J. Climate 10, 2548-2568).-Jones, P.D., D.E. Parker, T.J. Osborn, and K.R. Briffa. 1998. Global and hemispheric temperature anomalies--land and marine instrumental records. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.
Jones, P.D., 1994: Hemispheric surface air temperature variations: a reanalysis and an update to 1993. J. Climate 7, 1794-1802.
-Nicholls, N., Gruza, G.V., Jouzel, J., Karl, T.R., Ogallo, L.A. and Parker, D.E., 1996: Observed climate variability and change. In (J.T. Houghton, L.G. Meira Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg and K. Maskell, Eds.) Climate Change 1995: The IPCC Second Assessment, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 133-192.
-Parker, D.E., Jones, P.D., Bevan, A. and Folland, C.K., 1994: Interdecadal changes of surface temperature since the late 19th century. Journal of Geophysical Research 99, 14373-14399.
-Parker, D.E., Folland, C.K. and Jackson, M., 1995: Marine surface temperature: observed variations and data requirements. Climatic Change 31, 559-600.http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/temperat.htm
ftp://ftp.cru.uea.ac.uk/data/tavegl.dat
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/temp/jonescru/jones.html
http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/trends/temp/jonescru/global.dat
