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Texinfo
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This manual is for GNU Texinfo (version 4.8, 29 December 2004), a
documentation system that can produce both online information and a
printed manual from a single source.

  Copyright (C) 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998,
1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

     Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
     document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
     Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software
     Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts
     being "A GNU Manual," and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a)
     below.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
     "GNU Free Documentation License."

     (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have freedom to copy and
     modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software.  Copies published by
     the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development."

  The first part of this master menu lists the major nodes in this Info
document, including the @-command and concept indices.  The rest of the
menu lists all the lower level nodes in the document.

Copying Conditions: Your rights.
Overview: Texinfo in brief.
Texinfo Mode: Using the GNU Emacs Texinfo mode.
Beginning a File: What is at the beginning of a Texinfo file?
Ending a File: What is at the end of a Texinfo file?
Structuring: Creating chapters, sections, appendices, etc.
Nodes: Writing nodes, the basic unit of Texinfo.
Menus: Writing menus.
Cross References: Writing cross references.
Marking Text: Marking words and phrases as code, keyboard input, meta-syntactic variables, and the like.
Quotations and Examples: Block quotations, examples, etc.
Lists and Tables: Itemized or numbered lists, and tables.
Special Displays: Floating figures and footnotes.
Indices: Creating indices.
Insertions: Inserting @-signs, braces, etc.
Breaks: Forcing or preventing line and page breaks.
Definition Commands: Describing functions and the like uniformly.
Conditionals: Specifying text for only some output cases.
Internationalization: Supporting languages other than English.
Defining New Texinfo Commands: User-defined macros and aliases.
Hardcopy: Output for paper, with TeX.
Creating and Installing Info Files: Details on Info output.
Generating HTML: Details on HTML output.
Command List: All the Texinfo @-commands.
Tips: Hints on how to write a Texinfo document.
Sample Texinfo Files: Complete examples, including full texts.
Include Files: How to incorporate other Texinfo files.
Headings: How to write page headings and footings.
Catching Mistakes: How to find formatting mistakes.
Copying This Manual: The GNU Free Documentation License.
Command and Variable Index: A menu containing commands and variables.
Concept Index: A menu covering many topics.

--- The Detailed Node Listing --- Overview of Texinfo

Reporting Bugs: Submitting effective bug reports.
Using Texinfo: Create printed or online output.
Output Formats: Overview of the supported output formats.
Info Files: What is an Info file?
Printed Books: Characteristics of a printed book or manual.
Formatting Commands: @-commands are used for formatting.
Conventions: General rules for writing a Texinfo file.
Comments: Writing comments and ignored text in general.
Minimum: What a Texinfo file must have.
Six Parts: Usually, a Texinfo file has six parts.
Short Sample: A short sample Texinfo file.
History: Acknowledgements, contributors and genesis.

Using Texinfo Mode

Texinfo Mode Overview: How Texinfo mode can help you.
Emacs Editing: Texinfo mode adds to GNU Emacs' general purpose editing features.
Inserting: How to insert frequently used @-commands.
Showing the Structure: How to show the structure of a file.
Updating Nodes and Menus: How to update or create new nodes and menus.
Info Formatting: How to format for Info.
Printing: How to format and print part or all of a file.
Texinfo Mode Summary: Summary of all the Texinfo mode commands.

Updating Nodes and Menus

Updating Commands: Five major updating commands.
Updating Requirements: How to structure a Texinfo file for using the updating command.
Other Updating Commands: How to indent descriptions, insert missing nodes lines, and update nodes in sequence.

Beginning a Texinfo File

Sample Beginning: A sample beginning for a Texinfo file.
Texinfo File Header: The first lines.
Document Permissions: Ensuring your manual is free.
Titlepage & Copyright Page: Creating the title and copyright pages.
Contents: How to create a table of contents.
The Top Node: Creating the `Top' node and master menu.
Global Document Commands: Affecting formatting throughout.
Software Copying Permissions: Ensure that you and others continue to have the right to use and share software.

Texinfo File Header

First Line: The first line of a Texinfo file.
Start of Header: Formatting a region requires this.
setfilename: Tell Info the name of the Info file.
settitle: Create a title for the printed work.
End of Header: Formatting a region requires this.

Document Permissions

copying: Declare the document's copying permissions.
insertcopying: Where to insert the permissions.

Title and Copyright Pages

titlepage: Create a title for the printed document.
titlefont center sp: The `@titlefont', `@center', and `@sp' commands.
title subtitle author: The `@title', `@subtitle', and `@author' commands.
Copyright: How to write the copyright notice and include copying permissions.
end titlepage: Turn on page headings after the title and copyright pages.
headings on off: An option for turning headings on and off and double or single sided printing.

The `Top' Node and Master Menu

Top Node Example
Master Menu Parts

Global Document Commands

documentdescription: Document summary for the HTML output.
setchapternewpage: Start chapters on right-hand pages.
paragraphindent: Specify paragraph indentation.
firstparagraphindent: Suppress indentation of the first paragraph.
exampleindent: Specify environment indentation.

Ending a Texinfo File

Printing Indices & Menus: How to print an index in hardcopy and generate index menus in Info.
File End: How to mark the end of a file.

Chapter Structuring

Tree Structuring: A manual is like an upside down tree ...
Structuring Command Types: How to divide a manual into parts.
makeinfo top: The `@top' command, part of the `Top' node.
chapter
unnumbered & appendix
majorheading & chapheading
section
unnumberedsec appendixsec heading
subsection
unnumberedsubsec appendixsubsec subheading
subsubsection: Commands for the lowest level sections.
Raise/lower sections: How to change commands' hierarchical level.

Nodes

Two Paths: Different commands to structure Info output and printed output.
Node Menu Illustration: A diagram, and sample nodes and menus.
node: Creating nodes, in detail.
makeinfo Pointer Creation: Letting makeinfo determine node pointers.
anchor: Defining arbitrary cross-reference targets.

The `@node' Command

Node Names: How to choose node and pointer names.
Writing a Node: How to write an `@node' line.
Node Line Tips: Keep names short.
Node Line Requirements: Keep names unique, without @-commands.
First Node: How to write a `Top' node.
makeinfo top command: How to use the `@top' command.

Menus

Menu Location: Menus go at the ends of short nodes.
Writing a Menu: What is a menu?
Menu Parts: A menu entry has three parts.
Less Cluttered Menu Entry: Two part menu entry.
Menu Example: Two and three part menu entries.
Other Info Files: How to refer to a different Info file.

Cross References

References: What cross references are for.
Cross Reference Commands: A summary of the different commands.
Cross Reference Parts: A cross reference has several parts.
xref: Begin a reference with `See' ...
Top Node Naming: How to refer to the beginning of another file.
ref: A reference for the last part of a sentence.
pxref: How to write a parenthetical cross reference.
inforef: How to refer to an Info-only file.
uref: How to refer to a uniform resource locator.

`@xref'

Reference Syntax: What a reference looks like and requires.
One Argument: `@xref' with one argument.
Two Arguments: `@xref' with two arguments.
Three Arguments: `@xref' with three arguments.
Four and Five Arguments: `@xref' with four and five arguments.

Marking Words and Phrases

Indicating: How to indicate definitions, files, etc.
Emphasis: How to emphasize text.

Indicating Definitions, Commands, etc.

Useful Highlighting: Highlighting provides useful information.
code: Indicating program code.
kbd: Showing keyboard input.
key: Specifying keys.
samp: A literal sequence of characters.
verb: A verbatim sequence of characters.
var: Indicating metasyntactic variables.
env: Indicating environment variables.
file: Indicating file names.
command: Indicating command names.
option: Indicating option names.
dfn: Specifying definitions.
cite: Referring to books not in the Info system.
abbr: Indicating abbreviations.
acronym: Indicating acronyms.
indicateurl: Indicating a World Wide Web reference.
email: Indicating an electronic mail address.

Emphasizing Text

emph & strong: How to emphasize text in Texinfo.
Smallcaps: How to use the small caps font.
Fonts: Various font commands for printed output.

Quotations and Examples

Block Enclosing Commands: Different constructs for different purposes.
quotation: Writing a quotation.
example: Writing an example in a fixed-width font.
verbatim: Writing a verbatim example.
verbatiminclude: Including a file verbatim.
lisp: Illustrating Lisp code.
small: Examples in a smaller font.
display: Writing an example in the current font.
format: Writing an example without narrowed margins.
exdent: Undo indentation on a line.
flushleft & flushright: Pushing text flush left or flush right.
noindent: Preventing paragraph indentation.
indent: Forcing paragraph indentation.
cartouche: Drawing rounded rectangles around examples.

Lists and Tables

Introducing Lists: Texinfo formats lists for you.
itemize: How to construct a simple list.
enumerate: How to construct a numbered list.
Two-column Tables: How to construct a two-column table.
Multi-column Tables: How to construct generalized tables.

Making a Two-column Table

table: How to construct a two-column table.
ftable vtable: Automatic indexing for two-column tables.
itemx: How to put more entries in the first column.

`@multitable': Multi-column Tables

Multitable Column Widths: Defining multitable column widths.
Multitable Rows: Defining multitable rows, with examples.

Special Displays

Floats: Figures, tables, and the like.
Images: Including graphics and images.
Footnotes: Writing footnotes.

Floats

float: Producing floating material.
caption shortcaption: Specifying descriptions for floats.
listoffloats: A table of contents for floats.

Inserting Images

Image Syntax
Image Scaling

Footnotes

Footnote Commands: How to write a footnote in Texinfo.
Footnote Styles: Controlling how footnotes appear in Info.

Indices

Index Entries: Choose different words for index entries.
Predefined Indices: Use different indices for different kinds of entries.
Indexing Commands: How to make an index entry.
Combining Indices: How to combine indices.
New Indices: How to define your own indices.

Combining Indices

syncodeindex: How to merge two indices, using `@code' font for the merged-from index.
synindex: How to merge two indices, using the default font of the merged-to index.

Special Insertions

Atsign Braces Comma: Inserting @ and {} and ,.
Inserting Space: How to insert the right amount of space within a sentence.
Inserting Accents: How to insert accents and special characters.
Dots Bullets: How to insert dots and bullets.
TeX and copyright: How to insert the TeX logo and the copyright symbol.
euro: How to insert the Euro currency symbol.
pounds: How to insert the pounds currency symbol.
minus: How to insert a minus sign.
math: How to format a mathematical expression.
Glyphs: How to indicate results of evaluation, expansion of macros, errors, etc.

Inserting @ and {} and ,

Inserting an Atsign
Inserting Braces
Inserting a Comma

Inserting Space

Not Ending a Sentence: Sometimes a . doesn't end a sentence.
Ending a Sentence: Sometimes it does.
Multiple Spaces: Inserting multiple spaces.
dmn: How to format a dimension.

Inserting Ellipsis and Bullets

dots: How to insert dots ...
bullet: How to insert a bullet.

Inserting TeX and Legal Symbols: (C), (R)

tex: The TeX logos.
copyright symbol: The copyright symbol (c in a circle).
registered symbol: The registered symbol (R in a circle).

Glyphs for Examples

Glyphs Summary
result: How to show the result of expression.
expansion: How to indicate an expansion.
Print Glyph: How to indicate printed output.
Error Glyph: How to indicate an error message.
Equivalence: How to indicate equivalence.
Point Glyph: How to indicate the location of point.

Glyphs Summary

result
expansion
Print Glyph
Error Glyph
Equivalence
Point Glyph

Forcing and Preventing Breaks

Break Commands: Summary of break-related commands.
Line Breaks: Forcing line breaks.
- and hyphenation: Helping TeX with hyphenation points.
w: Preventing unwanted line breaks in text.
tie: Inserting an unbreakable but varying space.
sp: Inserting blank lines.
page: Forcing the start of a new page.
group: Preventing unwanted page breaks.
need: Another way to prevent unwanted page breaks.

Definition Commands

Def Cmd Template: Writing descriptions using definition commands.
Def Cmd Continuation Lines: Continuing the heading over source lines.
Optional Arguments: Handling optional and repeated arguments.
deffnx: Group two or more `first' lines.
Def Cmds in Detail: Reference for all the definition commands.
Def Cmd Conventions: Conventions for writing definitions.
Sample Function Definition: An example.

The Definition Commands

Functions Commands: Commands for functions and similar entities.
Variables Commands: Commands for variables and similar entities.
Typed Functions: Commands for functions in typed languages.
Typed Variables: Commands for variables in typed languages.
Data Types: The definition command for data types.
Abstract Objects: Commands for object-oriented programming.

Object-Oriented Programming

Variables: Object-Oriented Variables.
Methods: Object-Oriented Methods.

Conditionally Visible Text

Conditional Commands: Text for a given format.
Conditional Not Commands: Text for any format other than a given one.
Raw Formatter Commands: Using raw formatter commands.
set clear value: Variable tests and substitutions.
Conditional Nesting: Using conditionals inside conditionals.

`@set', `@clear', and `@value'

set value: Expand a flag variable to a string.
ifset ifclear: Format a region if a flag is set.
value Example: An easy way to update edition information.

Internationalization

documentlanguage: Declaring the current language.
documentencoding: Declaring the input encoding.

Defining New Texinfo Commands

Defining Macros: Defining and undefining new commands.
Invoking Macros: Using a macro, once you've defined it.
Macro Details: Limitations of Texinfo macros.
alias: Command aliases.
definfoenclose: Customized highlighting.

Formatting and Printing Hardcopy

Use TeX: Use TeX to format for hardcopy.
Format with tex/texindex: How to format with explicit shell commands.
Format with texi2dvi: A simpler way to format.
Print with lpr: How to print.
Within Emacs: How to format and print from an Emacs shell.
Texinfo Mode Printing: How to format and print in Texinfo mode.
Compile-Command: How to print using Emacs's compile command.
Requirements Summary: TeX formatting requirements summary.
Preparing for TeX: What to do before you use TeX.
Overfull hboxes: What are and what to do with overfull hboxes.
smallbook: How to print small format books and manuals.
A4 Paper: How to print on A4 or A5 paper.
pagesizes: How to print with customized page sizes.
Cropmarks and Magnification: How to print marks to indicate the size of pages and how to print scaled up output.
PDF Output: Portable Document Format output.
Obtaining TeX: How to Obtain TeX.

Creating and Installing Info Files

Creating an Info File
Installing an Info File

Creating an Info File

makeinfo advantages: `makeinfo' provides better error checking.
Invoking makeinfo: How to run `makeinfo' from a shell.
makeinfo options: Specify fill-column and other options.
Pointer Validation: How to check that pointers point somewhere.
makeinfo in Emacs: How to run `makeinfo' from Emacs.
texinfo-format commands: Two Info formatting commands written in Emacs Lisp are an alternative to `makeinfo'.
Batch Formatting: How to format for Info in Emacs Batch mode.
Tag and Split Files: How tagged and split files help Info to run better.

Installing an Info File

Directory File: The top level menu for all Info files.
New Info File: Listing a new Info file.
Other Info Directories: How to specify Info files that are located in other directories.
Installing Dir Entries: How to specify what menu entry to add to the Info directory.
Invoking install-info: `install-info' options.

Generating HTML

HTML Translation: Details of the HTML output.
HTML Splitting: How HTML output is split.
HTML CSS: Influencing HTML output with Cascading Style Sheets.
HTML Xref: Cross-references in HTML output.

HTML Cross-references

Link Basics: HTML Xref Link Basics.
Node Expansion: HTML Xref Node Name Expansion.
Command Expansion: HTML Xref Command Expansion.
8-bit Expansion: HTML Xref 8-bit Character Expansion.
Mismatch: HTML Xref Mismatch.

@-Command List

Command Syntax: General syntax for varieties of @-commands.

Sample Texinfo Files

Short Sample Texinfo File
GNU Sample Texts
Verbatim Copying License
All-permissive Copying License

Copying This Manual

GNU Free Documentation License: License for copying this manual.

Include Files

Using Include Files: How to use the `@include' command.
texinfo-multiple-files-update: How to create and update nodes and menus when using included files.
Include Files Requirements: `texinfo-multiple-files-update' needs.
Sample Include File: A sample outer file with included files within it; and a sample included file.
Include Files Evolution: How use of the `@include' command has changed over time.

Page Headings

Headings Introduced: Conventions for using page headings.
Heading Format: Standard page heading formats.
Heading Choice: How to specify the type of page heading.
Custom Headings: How to create your own headings and footings.

Formatting Mistakes

makeinfo Preferred: `makeinfo' finds errors.
Debugging with Info: How to catch errors with Info formatting.
Debugging with TeX: How to catch errors with TeX formatting.
Using texinfo-show-structure: How to use `texinfo-show-structure'.
Using occur: How to list all lines containing a pattern.
Running Info-Validate: How to find badly referenced nodes.

Finding Badly Referenced Nodes

Using Info-validate: How to run `Info-validate'.
Unsplit: How to create an unsplit file.
Tagifying: How to tagify a file.
Splitting: How to split a file manually.

Copying This Manual

GNU Free Documentation License: License for copying this manual.

Documentation is like sex: when it is good, it is very, very good; and when it is bad, it is better than nothing. --Dick Brandon

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